Wireless Sensing Spawns The Connected World

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[Web Exclusive]
Wireless Sensing Spawns The Connected World
Innovations in sensing, wireless communications, and computingtechnologies foreshadow ultra-intelligent environments and enhanced lifestyles.

Roger Allan
ED Online ID #12427
April 19, 2006

RELATED ARTICLES:
• The Promise Of Harvested Energy

Seamless connectivity between people, objects, and events—such a climate once seemed so daunting. Not any more, thanks to rapid-fire advances made in sensor, computing, and communications technologies, let alone the pervasive use of the Internet. Entirely new applications will embed computing power and wireless communications in our daily lives.

Advances in both telecom and the Internet will converge to deliver ubiquitous wireless sensor networks and pervasive computing (Fig. 1). Professor Dipankar Raychaudhuri, director of the Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB) at Rutgers University, sees five key changes:

In frictionless capitalism, consumers can find goods and services by consulting their PDAs as they walk through town. They also can go into stores and purchase these items without the need for any cashiers.
Smart transportation systems can route vehicles around traffic jams in real time. They also can provide collision-avoidance feedback with augmented reality displays. On top of that, they can guide people to their parked vehicles in a crowded garage or parking lot.
Airport logistics and security systems can enable passengers to board their planes, find their lost bags (via RFID tags), and be screened for unusual patterns, all with minimal interruption.
Smart homes will play a key role in assisted living for the disabled and elderly (Fig. 2).
Workers in smart offices will be able to quickly and accurately search for physical objects, documents, and books. They will also be able to maintain "lifelogs" of stored events by location and/or time and date.

The cell phone will play an important role in the real-world application of many of these scenarios. Customers could use their phone, for instance, to pay for food at the grocery store, eliminating the need to carry cash or a credit card. Motorola's M-Wallet cell phone is an indicator of how these capabilities will be incorporated into the designs of third-generation (3G) handheld devices. With the M-Wallet, users can pay bills, conduct money transfers, and complete point-of-sale (POS) purchases.

The MIMOSA (MIcrosystems platform for MObile Services and Applications) consortium has set its sights on an open technology platform for ambient intelligence centered around mobile-phone technology. This organization, which comprises 16 member partners in eight European countries, is funded by the European Union's Sixth Framework for Research and Technological Development (Fig. 3).

MULTIMODE LOW-POWER SENSORS IN DEMAND
There's a lot of demand for sensors that can measure more than one parameter while dissipating a lot less power. "Sensors, in general, do not have enough output power and range to make it [survive the transition] into a wireless world," says Rutgers University's Raychaudhuri.

One proposal uses sensors in a pulsed output mode to minimize power dissipation. One thing is clear, though. For untethered electronics, a low-cost, reliable alternative to the battery has yet to be found. Until then we must rely on improvements in battery technology, which have their limits (see "The Promise Of Harvested Energy," p. 55).

Intelligent micro electromechanical-system (MEMS) sensors are being developed to address these problems. In a joint effort, the University of Florida and Freescale Semiconductor foresee the possibility of a very low-cost MEMS motion sensor that dissipates a mere 1 mW, giving it the potential to operate continuously for up to one year. It's so sensitive, it can sense sounds as well as motion. Compatible with a standard IC process, the device can be planted inside helmets and clothing to monitor the body movements of athletes and home-care patients.

The Rutgers University WINLAB is working on a multimodal wireless sensor (MUSE) multichip module that includes a sensor, the RF communications circuitry, a modem, a CPU, and supporting circuits (Fig. 4). Integrated with low-power transceiver designs, applications are initially targeted at medical heat-monitoring applications. Ultimately, it will be used in a wide range of other applications that call for a sensor, including heat, light, motion, and water-flow.

The tunable MUSE device consists of zinc-oxide materials, and it can be programmed to operate in dual modes (acoustic and ultraviolet optic). It can also be reset to increase sensitivity for liquid and gas sensing. First-generation implementations will be in system-on-package (SiP) and system-on-a-chip (SoC) configurations. A single-chip prototype is slated to debut sometime this year.

Minimizing sensor power-dissipation levels and maximizing output levels (and thus transceiver range) are, of course, two key goals for designers. However, efforts also are under way to minimize transmitted sensor data loss and maximize sensor output information content via smart MEMS sensors.

With the two latter goals in mind, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign developed a thermal infrared (IR) wireless MEMS sensor that calibrates cameras. The work was jointly performed with Crossbow Technology, using its MICA sensor hardware, and Indigo Systems Inc. with its thermal IR cameras.

Nokia's Bluetooth low-end extension (BTLEE) radio concept seeks to improve Bluetooth transmissions and lower costs. It complements Bluetooth by allowing small devices (those limited in battery power, size, weight, and cost) to have wireless connections to mobile terminals without adding yet another radio to those mobile terminals. Nokia developed a BTLEE radio system to demonstrate the concept's feasibility and expects to push out products next year.

WIRELESS NODES GET A BOOST
The power problem goes beyond available sensor output power levels and high power-dissipation levels. The power needed for wireless transceiver nodes also is a concern. BitWave Semiconductor proposed using software-defined radio (SDR) to deal with this problem. The company points to its Softransceiver concept as an example of a viable SDR solution that enables seamless global wireless connectivity (Fig. 5). The SDR concept minimizes circuit hardware costs. Instead, it relies on software changes to program or "tune" a circuit to a specific application.

A group of researchers at the University of California at Berkeley came up with a 2.4-GHz wireless transceiver that dissipates only 200µW. Kris Pister, founder and chief technology officer of Dust Networks (and who coined the term "smart dust" while heading R&D efforts at Berkeley), lauds this work as an important step toward low-cost wireless sensing hardware. Dust Networks is working on low-cost wireless sensing software to complement the technology.

"Berkeley's work is all about low-cost hardware. At Dust Networks, we're working on low-cost software," says Pister. "We came up with communications protocols that keep wireless radios off 99.995% of the time. Low-power software running on low-power hardware is what we're looking for. At that point, power consumption goes down into the single-digit microampere range."

To give users better tools so they can move quickly while developing their core applications, Jennic Ltd. recently showed off its IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee transceiver modules. The JNS5121MOxxx devices provide minimum bill-of-materials (BOM) costs with minimum engineering time spent on RF circuit design and test development.

Yet the world of ubiquitous sensing, computing, and communications lacks standard software platforms. Adoption of the Tiny Operating System (TinyOS) developed at the University of California at Berkeley has helped, but it's only the beginning.

Now, sensor network designers are starting to build on the TinyOS concept. Crossbow Technology's MoteWorks software/hardware wireless mesh development platform uses TinyOS. It supports rapid, flexible, and open designs based on the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard.

At WINLAB, the open-access research testbed (ORBIT) system facilitates a broad range of experimental research on next-generation protocols and application concepts for wireless networks. A 64-node radio-grid emulator was already released. A full 400-node radio grid is being tested indoors; an outdoor system will be operational shortly. The project involves Rutgers University, Princeton University, Columbia University, Thomson SA, IBM, and Lucent Technologies.

WINLAB also fabricated and tested a novel wireless sensor network known as SOHAN (self-organizing hierarchical adhoc network). The laboratory says that this network, which has been prototyped, offers significant capacity improvements over conventional ad-hoc wireless sensor networks.

LOOKING FORWARD
Wireless sensor techniques eventually will mature to permit the seamless interconnection of the physical and virtual worlds. Wireless network technologies like WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) will enable users to do things like download an entire television show in just one minute. Demonstrations of such capabilities already have proven feasible, so it's only a matter of time before there's wide-scale market acceptance.

With Qualcomm's MediaFLO service, users can receive TV broadcasts on cell phones with a TV decoder. The decoder can also decode video from other sources, such as digital video recorders. Users will be able to download programs from other sources onto their phones and watch them when they're on the go.

The rapid proliferation of low-cost, low-power, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags in industrial, medical, and agricultural applications only adds to the seamless pervasiveness of connectivity. All-plastic—instead of silicon—RFID tags have aided RFID advances. Many such tags will debut this year.

Even still, there's a need for new software development and deployment approaches. The industry also must develop the right networking protocols, the organization of network-based services, and techniques for self-organization, self-configuration, and self-maintaining large distributed systems.

Privacy and security issues must be resolved as well. "If a wireless network's architecture is not planned for privacy and security from the beginning, it will never succeed," warns Rutgers University's Raychaudhuri.

New business models are needed, too, so that there's interoperability between devices and services. This will ensure the flexibility consumers demand. Ultimately, though, technology must be shaped to address a wide range of user needs.

The impact of ubiquitous sensors may create some surprises in the long term. Some technology forecasters predict a greater emphasis on analog computing and networking to faithfully interact with the real world of analog sensors. After all, the realworld variables detected by sensors are all analog in nature.

"A modest indicator of this trend is visible today in the audiophile world," says Paul Saffo, director of the Institute for the Future (IFTF). "The most sophisticated audiophile stereo systems available today still rely on old-fashioned vacuum-tube technology. Audiophiles can tell the difference between sound that has been deconstructed into bits and reconstructed as an analog waveform and sound that has remained in analog form all along."

Ubiquitous sensing will rely on computing and communications. In turn, these technologies will depend on the wide-scale deployment of actuators that enable total closed-loop system control. MEMS technology can fulfill this need.

NEED MORE INFORMATION?

BitWave Semiconductor Inc.
www.bitwave.sg.com
Columbia University
www.columbia.edu
Crossbow Technology.
www.xbow.com
Dust Networks Inc.
www.dustnetworks.com
IBM Corp.
www.ibm.com
Innos Ltd.
www.innos.co.uk
The Institute for the Future
www.iftf.org
Jennic Ltd.
www.jennic.co.uk
Lucent Technologies
www.lucent.com
LETI-CEA
www-leti.cea.fr
MIMOSA
www.mimosa-fp6.com
Motorola Inc.
www.motorola.com
Nokia Inc.
www.nokia.com
Perpetuum Ltd.
www.perpetuum.co.uk
Princeton University
www.princeton.edu
Qualcomm Inc.
www.qualcomm.com
Rutgers University’s WINLAB
www.winlab.rutgers.edu
STMicroelectronics Inc.
www.stmicro.com
Thomson SA
www.thomson.net
The University of Florida
www.ufl.edu
The University of Illinois, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
www.ncsa.uiuc.edu
The University of Texas at Arlington
http://mse.uta.edu/

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NOKIA NOKIA 6230 for........$110usd NOKIA 6230i for........$120usd NOKIA 6260 For........$110usd NOKIA 9300 For........$120usd NOKIA 9500 For........$130usd NOKIA 6230 for........$120usd NOKIA 8800 For........$130usd NOKIA 6680 For........$100usd NOKIA 6682 For........$110usd NOKIA 7650 For........$120usd NOKIA E61 for.........$150usd NOKIA E60 for.........$140usd NOKIA E70 for.........$155usd NOKIA N70 For.........$160usd NOKIA N80 For.........$165usd NOKIA N90 For.........$170usd NOKIA N91 For.........$180usd NOKIA N92 For.........$190usd NOKIA N93 FOR.........$220usd

MOTOROLA MOTOROLA RAZOR V3 for........$110usd MOTOROLA RAZOR V6 FOR........$120usd MOTOROLA SLVR L7 For........$120usd MOTOROLA SLVR V8 For........$120usd MOTOROLA A1000 For...........$130usd MOTOROLA MPX 220 For........ $100usd MOTOROLA MPX 300 For........ $120usd

NEXTEL i870 AT JUST.....$100usd NEXTEL i860 AT JUST.....$90usd NEXTEL i930 AT JUST.....$120usd TREO 650 AT JUST .......$120usd TREO 700W AT JUST ......$140usd SIDEKICK II AT JUST.....$90usd SIDEKICK III AT JUST....$120usd

sony ERICSSON SONY ERICSSON K700i For......$110usd SONY ERICSSON k750i For......$120usd SONY ERICSSON W800i For......$130usd SONY ERICSSON W900i For......$140usd SONY ERICSSON S700i For.......$120usd SONY ERICSSON P900 For......$120usd SONY ERICSSON P910i For.......$130usd SONY ERICSSON Z1010 For.....$140usd

QTEK

Qtek s200 =$100 Qtek 9000 =$110 Qtek 8310 =$180 Qtek 8300 =$190 Qtek 9100 =$220 Qtek 8100 =$230 Qtek s110 =$200 Qtek s100 =$190 Qtek 9090 =$190 Qtek 8020 =$180 Qtek 8010 =$160 Qtek 2020i=$220 Qtek 2020 =$230 Qtek 8080 =$110 Qtek 8060 =$140 Qtek 1010 =$130 Qtek 7070 =$140

APPLE IPOD Apple iPod nano 4GB:$55 Apple iPod nano 2GB:$45 Apple 30 GB Video iPod:$90 Apple 60 GB Video iPod:$100 Apple 20 GB iPod : $65 Apple 4 GB iPod Mini:$60.00USD Apple 6 GB iPod Mini:$65.00USD Apple 40 GB iPod photo:$70.00USD Apple 60 GB iPod photo:$95.00USD Apple 30 GB iPod Photo:$85.00

Digital camera Acer cs-5530 digital camera....................$140 Canon ixus 700 digital camera..................$190 Canon ixus 750 digital camera..................$150 Canon ixus i zoom digital camera (jet black)...$200 Canon ixus i zoom digital camera (Sahara)......$190 Canon power shot s80 digital camera............$210 Casio exilim ex-s500 digital camera (orange, ).$220 Digital blue qx5 digital microscope............$160 Fuji film finepix f10 digital camera...........$140 Nikon d2x digital camera (body only)...........$130 Olympus fe-100 digital camera..................$140

Send us an email to our email our below: peter_smith@inmail24.com WE PROVIDE A GOOD AND FAST SERVICES, OUR SHIPPMENT IS WITHIN 48HRS. THANKS, REGARD, MANAGEMENT.

peter smith -July 27, 2006

MAURICE ELETRONICS LIMITED

emailaddress: peter_smith@inmail24.com

QTEK

Send us an email to our email our below: peter_smith@inmail24.com WE PROVIDE A GOOD AND FAST SERVICES, OUR SHIPPMENT IS WITHIN 48HRS. THANKS, REGARD, MANAGEMENT.

peter smith -July 27, 2006

MAURICE ELETRONICS LIMITED

emailaddress: peter_smith@inmail24.com

QTEK

Send us an email to our email our below: peter_smith@inmail24.com WE PROVIDE A GOOD AND FAST SERVICES, OUR SHIPPMENT IS WITHIN 48HRS. THANKS, REGARD, MANAGEMENT.

peter smith -July 27, 2006

Dear Sir/Ma, FEDLEX PHONE PRODUCTION. LETTER OF BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP . We are mobile phones wholesalers.We deals on all brands and models of mobile phones such as Nokia,Motorola,Samsung,Sony Ericsson,Sagem, Nextel,Sidekick II,Sprint,Ipods, Laptops, Mp3 players and many more at very cheap prices.We are using this medium to look for buyers of mobile phones.Do kindly reply back if you are interested and as you do you will be glad you do, you can reach us through our emailaddress: kelvin_phonefedlex@hotmail.com thank's and God bless. CONTACT....Kelvin Clark WE ARE SELLING ALL KIND OF MOBILE PHONES SUCH AS: Digital camera Acer cs-5530 digital camera....................$150 Canon ixus 700 digital camera..................$200 Canon ixus 750 digital camera..................$160 Canon ixus i zoom digital camera (jet black)...$210 Canon ixus i zoom digital camera (Sahara)......$200 Canon power shot s80 digital camera............$220 Casio exilim ex-s500 digital camera (orange, ).$230 Digital blue qx5 digital microscope............$170 Fuji film finepix f10 digital camera...........$150 Nikon d2x digital camera (body only)...........$140 Olympus fe-100 digital camera..................$150

SAMSUNG D600 For......$120usd SAMSUNG D720 For......$130usd SAMSUNG D730 For......$135usd SAMSUNG D800 FOR......$135usd SAMSUNG D820 For......$140usd SAMSUNG Z500 For......$150usd

NOKIA 6230 for........$130usd NOKIA 6230i for........$140usd NOKIA 6260 For........$130usd NOKIA 9300 For........$130usd NOKIA 9500 For........$140usd NOKIA 6230 for........$130usd NOKIA 8800 For........$150usd NOKIA 6680 For........$110usd NOKIA 6682 For........$120usd NOKIA 7650 For........$130usd NOKIA E61 for.........$155usd NOKIA E60 for.........$150usd NOKIA E70 for.........$160usd NOKIA N70 For.........$160usd NOKIA N80 For.........$170usd NOKIA N90 For.........$180usd NOKIA N91 For.........$190usd NOKIA N92 For.........$200usd NOKIA N93 FOR.........$250usd

MOTOROLA RAZOR V3 for........$130usd MOTOROLA RAZOR V6 FOR........$140usd MOTOROLA SLVR L7 For........$140usd MOTOROLA SLVR V8 For........$140usd MOTOROLA A1000 For...........$150usd MOTOROLA MPX 220 For........ $120usd MOTOROLA MPX 300 For........ $140usd

SONY ERICSSON K700i For......$130usd SONY ERICSSON k750i For......$140usd SONY ERICSSON W800i For......$150usd SONY ERICSSON W900i For......$160usd SONY ERICSSON S700i For.......$140usd SONY ERICSSON P900 For......$140usd SONY ERICSSON P910i For.......$150usd SONY ERICSSON Z1010 For.....$160usd

NEXTEL i870 AT JUST.....$120usd NEXTEL i860 AT JUST.....$100usd NEXTEL i930 AT JUST.....$140usd

TREO 650 AT JUST .......$140usd TREO 700W AT JUST ......$160usd

SIDEKICK II AT JUST.....$100usd SIDEKICK III AT JUST....$140usd

20GB iPod 20GB iPod .............................$55usd Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Pink M9435LL/A .............$50usd Apple 40 GB iPod photo...........................$45usd Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Silver M9160LL/A ...........$45usd Apple 60 GB iPod Photo M9830LL/A.................$70usd Apple 60 GB iPod photo ..........................$60usd Apple 30 GB iPod Photo M9829LL/A.................$55usd Apple 512 MB iPod Shuffle MP3 Player.............$40usd Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Blue M9436LL/A..............$45usd Apple 2 GB iPod Nano.............................$50usd Apple 4 GB iPod Nano.............................$60usd Apple 30 GB iPod Vidoe...........................$90usd Apple 60 GB iPod Vidoe...........................$120usd Send us an email to our email our below: kelvin_phonefedlex@hotmail.com WE PROVIDE A GOOD AND FAST SERVICES, OUR SHIPPMENT IS WITHIN 48HRS. THANKS, REGARD, MANAGEMENT.

kelvin clark -July 05, 2006

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